FA Premier League Ticketing Policy

FA PREMIER compact slateING POLICY star sign correspond FA phase modulation confederation slatinging form _or_ system of government react fines for home FA post-mortem League games atomic number 18 check as results adjoin tatters forget go on ex sort 42 years forwardshand the fixture where 42 mean solar days f entirelys on a Saturday or sunlight the go over just the tickets entrust go on trade on the following Monday or if Monday is a Bank Holiday, then Tuesdayhebdomad 1 of gross gross revenue at 1 per Member every(prenominal).Week 2 of deals of up to 2 wasted stand for rags per Member and 2 extra curb shreds per harden rag carrier (no much than 3 span shreds in total per Member/ normalize shred carrier).Week 3 normal sale ( supreme of 4 per person) sheath to availableness. A premium of 5 per great(p) distich rag and 2.50 per juvenile/ elderly Citizen rack up slate give be applied to exclusively non-corporate partner off rag s change during the worldwide sale purpose. The premium for general sale teammate slatings has been introduced as part of the on-going initiative to stop the flow of tot up fines to ticket t erupts. entirely duet fine on sale dates and measures ar resign to change.Chelsea footb each indian lodge reserves the depend commensurate to review the number of gybe shreds Members/ succession ticket Holders git procure on a impact by match rump.95% of gather fines give be on sale via www.chelseafc.com with the be 5% being interchange at the recession military post to individualized chew the faters and via tender digest on 0871 984 1905****.FA Premier League prohibitedfites pull up s slays now be priced at home AA, category A or category B. apprehension rags for suss asidees against Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United and Tottenham go forth be priced at category AA. Aston Villa, Everton, Fulham, Newcastle United, Queens approximate range Rangers and West Ham United forget be priced at category A. some(prenominal) be tickes volition be priced at Category B. Chelsea football game friendship reserves the in force(p) to change the pricing category of every(prenominal) suss out.There depart be no upgrades or d avergrades on flavour TeamCards or defend rags.Refunds pass on simply be do in conformation with the couplet Ticket Conditions of Issue. Any refunds good deal be make at the concussion authority providing the sum up Tickets argon received back no later than 48 hours before the chalk up. Refunds give nonice only be make on production of the actual find out Ticket.All personal callers at the cornerful force essential carry their while TeamCard or social rank wit with them in graze to procure and/or clear bear on Tickets.Supporters atomic number 18 reminded that adults flock non use assignment equalize Tickets or m of year TeamCards to gain creation to the Ground.Al l persons irrespective of age mustiness be in possession of a valid partner Ticket. All Match Ticket sales argon depicted object to availability.Domestic form Home Matches moderate Ticket Holders leave continuously gull a period in which they post reserve their protest merchantman before all Chelsea domesticated loving cup Home Matches.The sign handleing date varies depending on the number of days Chelsea football company has to sell Match Tickets but procedure entrust normally follow the following patternInitial marketing period for term Ticket Holders to grease iodins palms their give birth station*.Then a period at 1 per Member only.Next sales period at 2 extra Match Tickets per Member and 2 extra Match Tickets per era Ticket Holder (no more than 3 Match Tickets in total per Member/ while Ticket Holder)General sale to follow at date to be agreed, crush to availability.The discounted pricing structure for domestic cup Home Matches is number to parallelism precedent to each Home Match with the confabing golf-club, as per argument rules. There entrust be no upgrades or downgrades on mollify TeamCards or Match Tickets.Chelsea football game corporation reserves the expert to change the pricing category of any Match. conciliate Ticket Holders seat go out be held for a period of 6 days whereby they impart be equal to(p) to bargain for their own seat*. The final day forget manipulate the mental reservation aloof and age Ticket Holders who squander non getd or pass on been snuff itd from the Shed End (where the away club has interpreted the full apportionment) allow be subject to log in and bribe the seats that ar non fooln by fellow cartridge clip of year Ticket Holders in the reservation period.These timings whitethorn change if there is a reduced selling period.Supporters atomic number 18 reminded that adults ignorenot use assignment Match Tickets or mollify TeamCards to gain entry to the Ground.All persons irrespective of age must be in possession of a valid Match Ticket.All Match Ticket sales ar subject to availability. remote Match FA Premier League ticketing policy Match Tickets for FA Premier League by Matches argon change as followsAll Match Tickets go on sale 28 days before the Match. Where 28 days fall on a Saturday/Sunday the Match Tickets leave behinding go on sale the following Monday or, if Monday is a Bank Holiday, then Tuesday. Remaining Match Tickets pass on be hitch between lenify Ticket Holders (60%) and Members (40%) after the allocation for cordial reception sales (10%) and supporters who atomic number 18 Members of the FA Premier League remote Match Ticket dodging nourish been re hunt downd from the overall allocation avail adequate to(p).Match Tickets testament be sold as follows while Ticket Holders piece of tail acquire unrivalled Match Ticket per person. Supporters who are part of the FA Premier League away(predicate) Match Ticket design allow have their Match Tickets sent out automatically roughly 28 days before the Match.Members trick bargain for one Match Ticket per person.time of year Ticket Holders and Members depart be fitting to purchase an extra 2 Match Tickets (maximum of 3 Match Tickets in total).Match Tickets for fixtures against Wigan leave go on general sale subject to availability. All other onward Matches entrust not go on general sale.Match Ticket on sale dates and times are subject to change.These Match Tickets leave behind be allocated on a scratch line come, first served basis. 95% of Match Tickets for each game will be sold online and 5% will be sold to personal callers at the niche office and via the call centre on 0871 984 1905****.If Chelsea football golf club does not sell the entirety of its out-of-door Match Ticket allocation, no refunds will be offered and/or Match Tickets redeemed.Refunds will only be make in abidance with the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. Any re funds may be made at the box office for Away Matches providing the Match Tickets received by Chelsea football game familiarity are on a sale or turn in basis and returned no later than 48 hours before the Match. Refunds can only be made on production of the actual Match Ticket. Match Tickets not imperturbable from the box office will not be refunded downstairs any circumstances.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.FA Premier League Away Match Ticket plan For the 2013/14 gruntle, only period Ticket Holders will be bailable to pass to join this away shunning, as well as cc Members.Initially, all existing supporters in the 2012/13 FA Premier League Away Match Ticket fascinate will be wedded an fortune to renew before new applications are invited from any other eon Ticket Holder, until the contrivance reaches a faculty of 800 Season Ticket Holders. Chelsea FC will in addition have 200 spaces for Members to be part of this scheme on a first come first ser ved basis. The scheme will have a maximum of 1000 supporters in total.The Away Match season ticket will cost 880 and will be applyable by direct debit. This will be payable over 8 periodical payments (final instalment is not a fixed amount). If at the end of the season the cost of the 19 FA Premier League Away Matches is more or less than the 880 the eighth and final instalment will be changed accordingly. All Match Tickets will be sent out automatically approximately 28 days prior to the Match (subject to the Match Tickets arriving from the away club).Supporters on the scheme will receive all c erstwhilession discounts offered to Chelsea from the away team.Domestic cup Away Match Ticket scheme (excluding FA instill/League shape Finals and FA shape semi-finals) For the 2013/14 season, subject to availability, first priority on domestic cup Away Match Tickets will be given to those in the FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme. Supporters on this scheme will be given a prior ity period where they can purchase a Match Ticket. This will not be a compulsory purchase and supporters on this scheme will not be removed if they do not purchase.Remaining Match Tickets will be take apart between Season Ticket Holders (60%) and Members (40%) after the allocation for hospitality sales (10%) and supporters who are Members of the FA Premier League Away Match Ticket scheme have been removed from the overall allocation available.Away Match Tickets will not go on general sale, unless otherwise stated.Platinum supporters clubs will have an allocation of a maximum of 150 Match Tickets to distribute to their group Members (who must also be official Chelsea football Club Season Ticket Holders or Members).If demand for an Away Match outweighs supply, priority will be given to away scheme Members who purchased Match Tickets for all UK Away Matches in 2012/13 season.Refunds will only be made in conformity with the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. Such refunds can be made at the box office for Away Matches providing the Match Tickets received by Chelsea football Club are on a sale or return basis and returned no later than 48 hours before the Match.League Cup Semi-Finals will follow the above sales procedure.If Chelsea football Club does not sell the entirety of its Away Match Ticket allocation, no refunds will be offered and/or redeemed.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.UEFA CHAMPIONS unify ragING POLICY UEFA Champions League Home Match pricing policy and selling arrangements Tickets for UEFA Champions League Home Matches will go on sale as followsInitial selling period for Season Ticket Holders to purchase their own seat*.Then a period at 1 per Member only.Next sales period at 2 extra Match Tickets per Member and 2 extra Match Tickets per Season Ticket Holder (no more than 3 Match Tickets in total per Member/Season Ticket Holder)General sale to follow at date to be agreed, subject to availability.These timings may alter if there is a reduced selling period, especially for knockout symbolise games, though phasing will stay the selfsame(prenominal).Chelsea football Club reserves the right to review the number of Match Tickets Members/Season Ticket Holders can purchase on a Match by Match basis.Any Season Ticket Holders who are dis postured in the Ground due to outside broadcast/UEFA requests will be able to purchase an available seat elsewhere in a non-corporate area at heart the Ground at their current seat price.Season Ticket Holders seats will be held for 6 days*. The final day will see the reservation removed and Season Ticket Holders who have not purchased or have been moved for outside publicize reasons will be able to log in and purchase the seats that are not taken by fellow Season Ticket Holders in the reservation period.Juvenile and Senior Citizen Season Ticket Holders may purchase their own seat at a 50% concession for UEFA Champions League knockout coiffe Matches only (excluding the East Stand) . This discount will only engage in the reservation period for supporters whose seats are not affected by the outside broadcasting areas. Season Ticket Holders who have to move seats due to the outside broadcasting area will be able to apply for the discount on the final Season Ticket Holder day where the reservation period has been removed.Round of 16 Matches will be priced at category A Match Ticket prices. fanny finals and semi-final Matches will be priced at category AA.Supporters are reminded that adults cannot use concession Match Tickets or Season TeamCards to gain entry to the stadium.UEFA Champions League Away Match Ticket scheme Initially, all existing supporters in the 2012/13 away UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme will be given an opportunity to renew before new applications are invited from any other Season Ticket Holder/Member, until the scheme reaches a capacity of 800 Season Ticket Holders. Chelsea Football Club will also have 200 spaces for Members to be par t of this scheme on a first come first served basis. The scheme will have a maximum of 1000 supporters in total.Supporters on the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme will be given a priority period where they can purchase a Match Ticket. Failure to purchase inwardly this reservation period will not result in removal from the scheme, nonetheless a seat will no longer be guaranteed. Supporters will then need to purchase Match Tickets in the relevant buying period (Season Ticket Holders in the Season Ticket Holder period and Members in the Member period). Tickets are sold subject to availability.Supporters on the scheme can miss one Match and will not be removed from the scheme. Supporters will be removed from the scheme if they do not suck up the Match Tickets they have purchased from the box office or fail to purchase Match Tickets for two or more Matches.All supporters completing the resolution form may be asked to provide proof of transport booking (non-UK matches only).If demand for an Away Match outweighs supply, priority will be given to UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme Members who also purchased Match Tickets for all UEFA Away Matches in the 2012/13 season.The Away Match Ticket scheme holders within the scheme get first option on Match Tickets for all UEFA Champions League Away Matches, subject to availability.All Match Tickets go on sale 28 days before the Match. Where 28 days falls on a Saturday/Sunday the Match Tickets will go on sale the following Monday or, if Monday is a Bank Holiday, then Match Tickets will go on sale the following Tuesday.Additionally, hospitality sales will receive 10% of the allocation from the away club. Chelsea Football Clubs travel partner will also receive an allocation from Chelsea Football Club. The Chelsea Football Club travel partner allocation will be sold in line with Chelsea Football Clubs Ticketing Policies.Platinum supporters clubs will also receive 50 Match Tickets (excluding Match Tickets for the f inal and the semi-final) where Chelsea Football Club receives more than 2000 Match Tickets from the contend club.Remaining Match Tickets will be split between Season Ticket Holders (60%) and Members (40%) after the allocation for hospitality sales (10%) and supporters of the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme have been removed from the overall allocation available.Match Tickets will be sold as followssupporters who are part of the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme can purchase a Match Ticket within this period. Season Ticket Holders can purchase one Match Ticket per person.Members can purchase one Match Ticket per person.These Match Tickets will be allocated on a first come, first served basis. 95% of Match Tickets for each Match will be sold online and 5% will be sold to personal callers at the box office and call centre.Match Tickets for Away Matches can be hoard from the box office with the fully completed declaration form. rather Match Tickets can be posted out via royal stake special delivery at an extra cost. Supporters who request to have their Match Tickets sent out should note this will be at their own risk. Chelsea Football Club will not be liable in the event that the Match Tickets do not arrive, in which case such(prenominal) tickets cannot be duplicated or refunded. This will also apply to any friends and family purchases made online.In cast to ensure that Match Tickets have not been transferred, supporters may be subject to a ticket check at the turnstiles by Chelsea Football Clubs employees and/or officers. Therefore all supporters will be required to be in possession of their Match Ticket and bye (or a copy of the photographic page) when attending the Match.In this instance it may be necessary, for security reasons, to issue the Match Tickets in the host country.Tickets for UEFA Champions League Away Matches are non-transferable and the Season Ticket Holder/Member must be the guest who travels to the Match.Refunds will only be made in accordance with the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue. Such refunds can be made at the box office for Away Matches providing the Match Tickets given to Chelsea Football Club are on a sale or return basis and returned no later than 48 hours before the Match. Match Tickets not get a lineed from the box office will not be refunded under any circumstances.Supporters who do not request their Match Tickets will not be entitled to a refund and will not be rewarded with dedication masterminds. Supporters who fail to collect Match Tickets for UEFA Champions League Away Matches will be removed from the UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme.All Match Tickets are subject to availability.DUPLICATE TICKET PROCEDURE FOR HOME MATCHES iterate Home Match Tickets (Season Ticket Holders seats) Season Ticket Holders who DO NOT bestow their Season TeamCard with them on matchday must visit the box office on the day of the Match where a duplicate Match Ticket may be issued at a cost of 5 pe r Match Ticket. photographic proof of ID is essential and only the Season Ticket Holder can collect a duplicate Match Ticket. It is central to note that only the Season Ticket Holder who owns the Season TeamCard will be able to collect the substitute Match Ticket.Duplicate Home Match Tickets (general Match Tickets) Supporters who DO NOT bring their Match Tickets with them on matchday or where their Match Tickets have not arrived in the post must visit the box office on the day of the Match where duplicate Match Tickets may be issued at a cost of 5 per Match Ticket (if confounded or damaged). photographic proof of ID is essential. It is important to note that only the customer who made the original purchase will be able to collect the replacement Home Match Ticket.PROCEDURE FOR AWAY MATCHDAY TICKETS LOST OR STOLEN Duplicate Away Match Tickets (not including UEFA Champions League Matches) Supporters Match Tickets for an Away Match that do not arrive must contact the Chelsea Footbal l Club call centre on 0871 984 1905**** no earlier than 48 hours before the Match in order to request a duplicate Away Match Ticket. A request will be sent to the away club and a duplicate Away Match Ticket will be made available for charm at the away stadiums box office. All supporters must attend the relevant away clubs box office on the day of the Match with photographic proof of ID to collect the replacement Away Match Ticket(s). We regret that duplicate Away Match Tickets for UEFA Champions League Away Matches cannot be provided unless otherwise stated.FA CUP SEMI-FINAL AND FA CUP/ compact CUP FINAL SELLING PROCEDURES Match Tickets for FA Cup/League Cup finals and FA Cup semi-finals will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets.Match Tickets for these Matches will go on sale as followsSupporters on the UK Away Match scheme will be able to purchase one Match Ticket per person.Season Ticket Holders will gain priority dep ending on how many an(prenominal) committal bucks they have. Match Tickets will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of homage fountainheads first. This serve up will stay put until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had tenable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Once the Season Ticket Holder sales period is complete, Members will be invited to apply again using the subjection point method.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.UEFA CHAMPIONS group discussion SEMI-FINAL (AWAY LEG) AND FINAL SELLING PROCEDURES Match Tickets for Champions League Semi-Final (Away Leg) and Final will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets on a loyalty point basis.Match Tickets for these Matches will go on sale as followsThe UEFA Champions League Away Match scheme Members will be able to purchase on e Match Ticket per person.Match Tickets will then be sold to Season Ticket Holders on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points. This process will stay until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had a reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Remaining Match Tickets will be sold to Members on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Members with the highest number of loyalty points. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold.For European Away Matches Chelsea Football Club and Chelsea Football Clubs travel partner will both receive an allocation of Match Tickets. Both allocations will be sold on a loyalty point basis initially with the same points totals each day. However once one of the allocations has sold out the remaining allocation will continue to be sold on a loyalty point basis until they are sold out.No refunds can be made fo r Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availabilitySUPER CUP SELLING PROCEDURES Match Tickets for the Super Cup go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets on a loyalty point basis.Match Tickets for this Match will go on sale as followsThe UEFA Away Match Scheme Members from the end of the 2012-2013 season will be able to purchase one Match Ticket per person.Match Tickets will then be sold to Season Ticket Holders on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points from the previous season first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had a reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Remaining Match Tickets will be sold to Members on a loyalty point basis. Match Tickets will go on sale to Members with the highest number of loyalty points from the prev ious season first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold.For European Away Matches Chelsea Football Club and Chelsea Football Clubs travel partner will both receive an allocation of Match Tickets. Both allocations will be sold on a loyalty point basis initially with the same points totals each day. However once one of the allocations has sold out the remaining allocation will continue to be sold on a loyalty point basis until they are sold out.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.COMMUNITY SHIELD Tickets for the Community Shield will go on sale to Season Ticket Holders first with Members able to purchase any remaining Match Tickets.Tickets for these Matches will go on sale as followsAway Match scheme Members for the 2013-2014 season will be able to purchase one Match Ticket.Season Ticket Holders will gain priority depending on how many loyalty points they have. Tickets will g o on sale to Season Ticket Holders with the highest number of loyalty points from the previous season first. This process will continue until all the Match Tickets are sold or all Season Ticket Holders have had reasonable opportunity to apply for a Match Ticket.Once the Season Ticket Holder sales period is complete, Members will be invited to apply again using loyalty points from the previous season.No refunds can be made for Match Tickets purchased for these Matches.All Match Ticket sales are subject to availability.CONCESSIONS Supporters are reminded that adults cannot use concession Match Tickets or Season TeamCards to gain entry to the Ground.Senior citizens Any Season Ticket Holder who qualifies for Senior Citizen concessions during season 2012/13 will be able to renew their seat for season 2013/14 at the Senior Citizen concessional price. Subject to the paragraph below, to answer as a Senior Citizen you must be 65 or over as of the 31st July 2013.Customers who turn 65 during the season will be able to call the call centre or visit the box office during the reservation period and reserve their seat for cup or UEFA Champions League Matches at the reduced concession price.Supporters who are regenerate their Season TeamCards and who previously have held a Senior Citizen concession Season TeamCard will be able to renew for the 2013/2014 season at the concession price.Juveniles To qualify as a juvenile you must be under 18 as of the 31st July 2013.Family centre (East Stand refuse)/East f number The family centre will continue to operate in the East Lower Stand offering unlimited concessionary seating to juveniles and Senior Citizen concessions.Individual adult Match Tickets are not available for purchase within this area.A maximum of 2 adult seats per juvenile seat are available.TICKETING LOYALTY aim Chelsea Football Club Season Ticket Holders and Members loyalty scheme For the 2013/14 season, the loyalty scheme will continue to operate for all Chelsea Fo otball Club Home and Away Matches.Loyalty points will be use prior to domestic cup finals, UEFA Champions League semi-finals and final and the FA Cup semi-final**. Points earned lead-in up to these Matches will be activated, giving priority on Match Tickets, subject to availability.Points will be awarded dependent on opposition/competition. 1 point Arsenal Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United TottenhamUEFA Champions League Home Matches in the knockout stages3 pointsAll other Home and Away Matches in the FA Premier League5 pointsFA Cup, League Cup Home and Away Matches, UEFA Champions League group stage Home matches and all UEFA Champions League Away matches.Match Tickets for the Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Queen Park Rangers and Tottenham Home and Away Matches will be sold on a loyalty point basis where possible. In the event that any of these Matches take place in the first month of the season, the previous seasons loyalty points will be taken in to account. Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to allow Season Ticket Holders a further opportunity to apply for the Members Away Match Ticket allocation should they not sell out in adequate time.Points will not be awarded for attendance at any domestic cup final, UEFA Champions League final, FA Cup semi-final and Final, Super Cup Final, Community Shield or World Club Championships. Loyalty points will only apply to Match Tickets purchased from the box office/call centre and via Thomas Cook for UEFA Champions League Away Matches.Points will be issued per Match and not per Match Ticket.A 5 point bonus will also be awarded to any Member who renews their social status/enrols for the 2013/14 season before close of business on 31st July 2013. Further point bonuses may be attached to specific Matches during the season.Loyalty points take a minimum of 48 hours to be added to a Season TeamCard/Membership card once a sale has been processed.IF ANY SEASON TICKETS BECOME AVALABLE FOR FU TURE SEASONS THE LOYALTY focalize SCHEME WILL BE USEDDUPLICATE SEASON TEAMCARD PROCEDURE Duplicate Season TeamCards (Lost/Damaged) Season Ticket Holders who have lost or damaged their Season TeamCard must contact the call centre or visit the box office and a duplicate may be issued at a cost of 25 per card. The Season TeamCard can only be put in from the box office and will not be sent out. It is important to note that only the Season Ticket Holder will be able to collect the replacement Season TeamCard.Duplicate Season TeamCards (Stolen) Season Ticket Holders who have had their Season TeamCard stolen must contact the call centre or visit the box office and a duplicate may be issued with the crime reference number and the police station it has been reported to. The Season TeamCard can only be poised from the box office and will not be sent out. It is important to note that only the Season Ticket Holder will be able to collect the replacement Season TeamCard.Season TeamCard Moves Season Ticket Holders will be able to pose in their completed Season TeamCard application form stating where they wish to move to. Chelsea Football Club will accommodate seat moves on a first come first come first served basis subject to availability. No seat move is guaranteed and the best available seat will be allocated according to the options stated on the application form.Season TeamCard come across changes Season Ticket holders can change the name on their Season TeamCard by sending a letter from the original Season Ticket Holder confirming that they wish to relinquish the seat and who they are passing it to. Should the name be changed before the Season TeamCard is renewed this will be innocuous of charge. However, should a name change take place once the Season TeamCard has been renewed there will be a charge of 25.MATCH TICKET PURCHASING POLICY General Sale Match Tickets Match Tickets sold on general sale for all Chelsea Football Club FA Premier League Home Matches or UE FA Champions League Home Matches will be sold for an additional 5 for adults and 2.50 for juveniles/Senior Citizens as compared to the Members admission price, subject to availability.Should Match Tickets go on general sale for Champions League Matches, Match Tickets WILL NOT be sold to non-Members who appear to be supporters of the opposing club.Should Match Tickets go on general sale for domestic group discussion or domestic cup Matches, Match Tickets may not go on sale to non Members who live in certain postcodes or areas within the vicinity of the visit club.As part of its anti-touting policy Chelsea Football Club will not lease cash payments at the box office when Match Tickets are on general sale to non-Members. Photographic identification will also be required for all Match Tickets sold on general sale. General sale Match Tickets may also be retained at the Chelsea Football Club box office for compendium on matchday only. Photographic identification will be required to coll ect the Match Tickets. For the avoidance of doubt, Match Tickets can only be collected by the Ticket Holder who place the Match Ticket order and to whom such Match Tickets are issued.Box office opening hours General box office opening hours for personal callers are as followsMonday to Friday915am 5pm Non-match day Saturdays9am 12pm Non-match day SundaysClosed Match days 3pm or earlier drop out off 9am half time Match days 1230pm clap off 9am fractional time Match day Saturdays 530pm kick off11am Half time Match day Sundays 3pm or earlier kick off9am Half time Match day Sundays 4pm kick off10am Half time Midweek matches 745pm/8pm kick off915am Half timeOn home matchdays, Match Ticket sales/collections for all other Matches (excluding the Match played on that day) will not be available less than 2 hours before kick off. This is to assist supporters with collections and enquiries for that picky Match.Call centre opening hours Monday to Friday915am 5pm Non-match day Saturd ays9am 12pm Non-Match day SundaysClosed Match days 3pm kick off 10am 1pm Match days 1230pm kick off 9am 1030pm Match day Saturdays 530pm kick off 12pm 330pm Match day Sundays 3pm or earlier kick off9am 1pm Match days Sundays 4pm kick off12pm 2pm Midweek matches 745pm/8pm kick off915am 5pmShould a Home Match move from the Saturday to the Sunday the box office and call centre will NOT be open on the Saturday prior to the Match.Methods of payment We currently accept the following methods of paymentVisa, MasterCard, Maestro, and American Express. Cash payments are also reliable at the box office from personal callers only (excluding general sale). Season TeamCard renewals may also be paid for by the Premium confidence/Chelsea Football Club Instalment Plan, which allows payment for the Season TeamCard in half dozen monthly payments.Internet, box office and call centre purchasing Match Tickets may be purchased by Season Ticket Holders/Members at the box office, call centre and w ww.chelseafc.com.All Match Tickets will go on sale on the internet at 7am. All Home and Away Match Tickets will go on sale at the box office and call centre from 9am.95% of Match Tickets for each Match will be sold online and 5% will be sold to personal callers at the box office and via the call centre.Chelsea Football Club reserves the right to alter this split of Match Tickets between online sales, personal callers and the call centre at any time.Subject to availability, the general public will be able to purchase Match Tickets from www.chelseafc.com, call centre and the box office.Members or Season Ticket Holders who wish to purchase at the box office must have all Season TeamCards or Membership cards with them. Supporters visiting the box office will only be able to purchase a maximum of 10 Match Tickets per person. The customer making the doing must be a Season Ticket Holder or Member and must produce photographic identification on request.Match Ticket administrative fee All M atch Ticket credit/debit card transactions will be subject to a 1.50 per Match Ticket judicial system fee.Restricted view seating Restricted view Match Tickets are recommended for adults only.Membership purchases Supporters purchasing Membership should note that once a Membership is processed Match Tickets cannot be purchased until the Membership is active. Membership can take a minimum of 48 hours to become active before supporters can purchase Match Tickets. The Membership process can also take up to 28 days to be completed which includes communication of the Membership cards.Match Ticket exchange Season Ticket Holders and Members can visit the Ticket Exchange to buy officially authorised Match Tickets. Season Ticket Holders will be able to sell their seats for Home Matches and Members will be able to purchase Match Tickets. This is an online service available from www.chelseafc.com. This process can take a minimum of 48 hours to register once the Membership process is complete.P osting of Match Tickets Chelsea Football Clubs right for Match Tickets ends from the moment the Match Tickets are posted. Chelsea Football Club is thence not responsible for any failings in the postal system.Touting information If you pay more than the organisation value of a Match Ticket or have bought a Match Ticket(s) from a tout or an online ticket agency such ticket will be invalid and you are likely to be refused entry or ejected from the stadium. However, if you send details of the Match Tickets to emailprotected the matter will be investigated and, if the Match Tickets are not forgeries, they will be validated. The unauthorised sale of football tickets is a criminal offensive activity under UK law. Distribution of Match Tickets is only permitted in accordance with article 4.3 of the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue and providing the Match Ticket is transferred for no more than the face value of the Match Ticket and the pro-rata part of any administration charge.Chelsea F ootball Club and/or any registered ticket agent will only sell Match Tickets for Chelsea Football Club Matches at face value plus any administration charge.As part of its anti-touting policy Chelsea Football Club will not accept cash payments at the box office when Match Tickets are on general sale to non-Members. Photographic identification will also be required for all Match Tickets sold on general sale. General sale Match Tickets may also be retained at the Chelsea FC box office for collection on matchday only. Photographic identification will be required to collect the Match Tickets. For the avoidance of doubt, Match Tickets can only be collected by the Ticket Holder who placed the Match Ticket order and to whom such Match Tickets are issued.Group bookings Supporters wishing to purchase Match Tickets for 10 or more people can make an application by visiting www.chelseafc.com/tickets. Here an application can be made (subject to availability and allocation) for certain Home Matche s listed. Applicants will need to complete an application form. Chelsea Football Club will endeavour to respond to the application within 5 working days. Please note that applications cannot be made for Matches that are not listed. Match Tickets will also be priced at the non-Members rate.Chelsea Football Club retains the right to review and update this policy at any time during the season.Supporters Segregation Home Match Tickets and Season TeamCards are for the use of supporters of Chelsea Football Club only. By applying for these and/or using the same, a supporter warrants and represents that they are a supporter of Chelsea Football Club and, in particular, that they are not supporters of the opposing team at any given Match. Any Ticket Holder who breaches this warranty and representation is liable to be ejected from the Ground with no refund or other compensation.ALL POLICIES AND TICKETS ARE SUBJECT TO THE MATCH TICKET CONDITIONS OF ISSUEThis document is designed solely to assis t supporters by explaining Chelsea Football Clubs Ticketing Policy. It is not legally binding and is subject to change at any time at the sole discretion of Chelsea Football Club.For the basis and conditions which govern the issue, application for and/or purchase of any Match Tickets referred to within this Ticketing Policy, please refer to Chelsea Football Clubs Match Ticket Conditions of Issue which are available for inspection at www.chelseafc.com. The Match Ticket Conditions of Issue also incorporate the Chelsea Football Club Ground Regulations, which are available for inspection at Chelsea Football Clubs offices and are displayed at all entrances to and elsewhere in the Ground.In the event of any fighting between this Ticketing Policy and the Match Ticket Conditions, the Match Ticket Conditions shall prevail.Capitalised talking to and expressions used in this Ticketing Policy shall have the same meanings as those used in the Match Ticket Conditions of Issue.

Apostle Peter Essay

prick (also known as Simon) was virtuoso of the original 12 apostles. He became the leader of the apostles, after Jesus ascension. peckerwood was originally from Bethsaida on the northern shore of the sea of Galilee. bastard was married. He was a fisherman with his brother Andrew. His home was in Capernaum. When Jesus called him to be an apostle, he was assumption the added name Cephas (Aramaic st matchless, Greek Petros, which in English is rendered as Peter).Peter was a native of BethsaidaPeter was one of the three main apostles, along with pile and John, who were chosen by Jesus to be present during certain substantial moments of His ministry. Peter was the natural spokesman of the twelve disciples. One trait of Peters character that stands out in the New Testament account, is his impetuosity. The personality of Peter is one of the most vividly drawn and charming in the NT. His sheer humanness has made him one of the most beloved and winsome members of the apostolic band.H e was eager, impulsive, energetic, self confident, aggressive, and daring, but also unstable, fickle, weak, and cowardly. He was guided more by his quick impulse than logical reasoning, and he readily s substanceed from one extreme to the other. He was preeminently a man of action. His life exhibits the capacities for good. He was forward and often rash, liable to instability and inconsistency, but his love for and associations with delivery boy molded him into a man of stability, humility, and courageous service for God. In the powerfulness of the Holy Spirit he became one of the noble pillars of the church.Peter was famous for many things For being at Jesus transfiguration, for walking on water at Jesus bidding, for rebuking Jesus for what seemed to him negative thinking (prompting Jesus sourish reply Get behind Me Satan), for his statement to Jesus during the slipstream of feet during the Last Supper, for his denials of knowing Jesus when Peter was in the courtyard of th e steep priest, for drawing a s formulate when Jesus was being arrested, and for being given the singular privilege of an individual post-resurrection appearance by Jesus (Luke 2434, 1Cor 155).When Jesus asked him Who do you say I am? Peter made that famous statement, You are the delivery boy (Messiah) the Son of the Living God. (Matthew 1615-16). Under the power of the Holy Spirit, Peter healed the sick and raised the dead. He made a trip to Antioch (Galatians 21), and possibly Corinth (1 Corinthians 112). It is believed that Peter later traveled to Rome, and was martyred at that place by crucifixion in 64 AD.He is said to have requested that he be crucified upside low, because he said he wasnt worthy of dying(p) in the same way as Jesus. Peter wrote two Epistles, called 1 Peter and 2 Peter. Whereas, the first garner was an attempt to encourage a church affrightened with official persecution and repression, the second letter dealt with the perils of Apostasy which was an hitherto greater threat. Knowing that he would not be spared to keep experience of the situation, Peter was writing to forestall this calamity and to warn the church of its danger.A key verse within this larger context is chapter two, verse one But there arose false prophets also among the people, as among you also there shall be false teachers, who shall secretly gravel in pestilential heresies, denying change surface the Master who bought them, bringing upon themselves swift destruction. An influx of conscienceless agitators who repudiated the lordship of Christ(21) and whose attitude was compulsive (210), licentious (213), adulterous (214), greedy (214), bombastic (218), and libertine (219) seemed imminent.A looming heresy involved a denial of Christ (21) and ridiculed the promise of his return (33-4). certain(p) teachers were consumed with fleshly lusts and despised divine authority. They were rebelssneaky, reckless, and bold in their opposition to truth. They lived more on the animal level than as godly human beings (21, 10-12). These peddlers of geological fault delighted in seducing and taking captive ignorant souls, all the while promising them freedom to live independently of the will of God (214, 18-19). They were church outlawsThey will purposely try not to be noticed and bring division in the church by distorting and departing from the word. They will lay down truth alongside the falsehood and secretly bring in destructive heresies. They will deny the Lord who died for them by presenting a different muckle of the gospel. The focus is not on the cross for salvation. The principal design of this letter was to stir Christian minds to a greater level of spirituality and to modify them against the danger of certain false teachers who threatened their faith.The key to this letter is the word know of cognition), which occurs frequently in the three chapters, often referring to knowledge of Christ. This knowledge is not primarily academic, but s piritual, arising from a growing experience of Christ (2Peter 318). It produces peace and grace (12) and fruitfulness (18), is the secret of freedom from contamination (220), and is the sphere of Christian growth (318). It may be that the false teachers were Gnostics who disturbed knowledge as the means to salvation, and that Peter sought to counteract their falsehoods by a positive presentation of true knowledge.Near the conclusion of chapter two, Peter described the false teachers as previously having (a) escaped the defilements of the world by the knowledge of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ (b) known the way of righteousness and, turned from the holy commandment delivered unto them (vv. 20-21). The inspired apostle concludes his statement by emphasizing the danger inherent in the doctrine these heretics taughta threat both to their converts and to themselves.

Economy and Society of Historical Brazil Essay

This essay investigates how the political statistical distribution of land and the physical exertion of coerced labor on sugar plantations and mining affected the developing of economies and societies in colonial Brazil. Distribution of land in colonial Brail was politically-motivated and strikingly unequal. Landlords owned huge territories and exerted considerable yield upon both people residing in that territories and local governance institutions. People who didnt own land were exclusively powerless against the tyranny of landlords.Furthermore, unequal distribution of land had negative economic consequences landlords owned more land than they could manage, so great areas were utilise in a wasteful way (Wright & Wolford, 2003). As concerns coerced labor, striverry also had a profound impact on Brazilian economy and society. Coerced labor was used in sugar-cane mills, gold mines, and sugar plantation. Slavery contributed significantly to the economic development of the countr y, especially of its North-Eastern parts. Coerced labor can be regarded as a study factor in turning Brazil into export-oriented agricultural economy.As for the influence on the society, resistance among slaves used to be a source of unvaried social tension. However, in cultural terms, certain elements of African culture last fitted well in the mainstream culture of the country, Capoeira being the most telling example. Also, slave trade become a source of quick accumulation of riches by certain categories of population, like traders and slave market owners. Thus, the political distribution of land and use of coerced labor can be regarded as cardinal major factor shaping the economy and social structure of colonial Brazil.

The inadequacy of motivation Essay

Sixth, there be some individuals who are more successful than others because of their sicknesses and the contrast that goes along with it. For example, there whitethorn be students who suffer from HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and they tend to drop out of school because of discrimination (Cape.. , 2006). Other students may feel and believe that they might catch the same virus if somebody carries it around the school, this consequently scares these students and will surely discriminate the student hurt from HIV/AIDS (Cape.., 2006).Of course the latter will feel merely and discriminated and will force himself or herself to just for fit about his or her dreams and drop out of school instead (Cape.. , 2006). Comparing to students who do not carry any medical condition, they are more successful in college than those who are sick. Seventh is labeled as the inadequacy of balance amid analytical, creative, as well as, critical thinking (Smith, 1923).A college student should tu rn back the skills of thinking analytically, creatively and critically to be able to survive through the courses needed to be accomplished to finish college, for without the aforementioned skills, it would be passably difficult to pass college courses, much little finish a ground level (Smith, 1923). For some students who are not analytical, creative and critical thinkers, they are less successful as compared with those who are.Last but not least has something to do with the culture of the learners environment The first one that belongs to this stratum is technically referred to as the inadequacy of motivation (Smith, 1923). The trick here is to crawl in the reason for studying. The student should know what his or her goals and objectives are, otherwise, when difficulties emerge, the student will agree no motivation or reason to move on (Smith, 1923). The second base is known as the attitude of giving up easily (Smith, 1923).Everybody knows that it takes dedication, time, eff ort, patience, and a lot of mental energy to digest a new skill that if a student is bound to easily give up and get bored over repetition of things then most likely he will end up leaving college without graduating (Smith, 1923). Some students in college are more successful depending on their motivation and attitude.ReferencesCape Gateway. (2006). Social Issues touch on School. Retrieved November 13, 2007 from http//www.focusas.com/BehavioralDisorders.html

International Marketing Vifon to Japan

lacquer is still the 2nd biggest sell grocery in the world with 127 one million million million consumers that appreciate high quality and excellent service. mainland China may run through to a greater extent eventories these days, just how many nation in that location can re eithery afford western goods? When it comes to measure merchandise size, japan still accounts for more than 55% of the whole Asian sell market. lacquer is also the nation with the highest demand for provenders imports as it has the lowest self-sufficiency rate (39% entirely), 61% of wholly nutrients consumed in lacquer is imported (United Nations, two hundred8).In 2011 the japanese retail market had to cope with the March 11, 2011 shock and then compensate for the unlike after effects. Initi ally consumption spiked with the mass purchases of emergency items such(prenominal) as bottled water and batteries, followed by corresponding declines in purchases like company items and non-essential go ods. The economy shifted from a rocky footing onto a more stalls pathway by summer and consumer behaviour normalized. Nipponese consumer adapted to crude preferences in reaction to the events, changing retail market demands significantly. First, Japanese consumers began eating stunned less, while having meals at home more. This has led to an increase in the home base Meal Replacement (HMR) sector, as well as the frozen pabulum sector. Second, Japanese consumers be more attentive to products with longer shelf keep, in case of future emergency situations. The Japanese retail market is dominated by two demographics Young c areer seeking individuals in single person households B.Market breakdown Total retail gross sales including regimen, drinks, general merchandise, fabrics, apparel, and accessories in Japan amounted to $832. 6 billion in 2011. Of this fgure the fundamental food and beverage retail sales amount was $527. billion. Total retail sales switch change magn itude each year since 2008. In 2007, there were meat retail sales of $614. 6 billion and food & beverages sales of $370. 6 billion. at a lower place are the total sales fgures C. nourishment sales 2011 The Japanese retail food industry in 2011 experienced maturement across all three categories of large and conventional supermarkets, plane section warehousings, and convenience encloses.As stated previously the resilience of the industry and its ability to quickly adapt to the market changes on with economic growth in the latter one-half 2009 to 2011 for the three retail categories D. Food and Beverage Sales Japan While food sales grew across all segments, overall sales growth was observed in most regions of Japan as many households spend more succession and money purchasing food items to consume at home rather than spending money at restaurants in 2011. Restaurant spending did increase in 2011, except food purchases for home consumption were the larger mete out of spend ing.Japanese real economic growth rate for 2011 was estimated at minus 0. 4% by the Bank of Japan. The negative growth rate was expected referable to the hardships that had to be overcome, only when it is important to keep in ind that even in an environment of stagnant sales geographic markets in Japan are quite sizable often exceeding that of entire countries. E. Establishment Trends In 2011, supermarkets and convenience stores refer to be the primary distribution channel for food in Japan.The market has been relatively stable over the last 3 years with the only notable trend that division stores are losing fuzee slightly, but this corresponds with the decline of department store sales in general. F. braggy Scale and Conventional Supermarkets Japan Supermarkets in Japan translate the largest provider of food and within the upermarket sector the pass 5 companies (AEON, Ito Yokado, Uny, Daiei, and Life Corp. ) represent 65% of all sales. 1. Target Market As the Japanese mark et continues to mature, supermarket giants get hold of strengthened their networks to reach single adults and Generation M.The older extension rumly has wealth to spend they are targeting this group by changing store hours. In appendage to opening early, supermarkets hurl special promotions colligate to these early bird specials resulting in more foot traffic especially among the elderly population. 2. Price Competition Price competition has become more intense and is a major feature of the upermarket business in Japan. Supermarkets are reducing cost and improving their infrastructures through restructuring and closing unprofitable stores in an effort to improve efficiency.The companies which have succeeded to reduce management cost and to hamper losses have regained their profit. Speciality supermarkets are important for export products because these stores harbor products with higher tolls. Their focus is own branded import foods and beverages, there is intimately 900 speciality supermarkets within the top 10 fetter, plus about 200 POS as 3. Company Highlights The following table highlights the Japanese supermarket industry food sales, and the percentage component those sales represent.The general trend has been greater food sales in 2011. G. Convenience Stores (CVS) Japan There is a total tour of about 48,000 convenience stores in Japan. In 2011 convenience stores were proactive and were one of the first retailers to move into the Northeast Japan area. The mobility of convenience store operations, smaller size, and less SKUs allowed convenience stores to play a vital eccentric in supplying the region. One way convenience stores helped after the calamity was by releasing Mobile Convenience Stores.These are small 3 ton trucks which can hold up to 300 items of bento boxes, rice balls, drinks, and snacks. These trucks were use in areas where stores were destroyed or where evacuees had trouble accessing food. Convenience stores in 2011 continue d strategies to develop and maintain efficient networks. Convenience stores for the top 7 operators in 2010 numbered 41,663 and in 2011 the total number of convenience stores in Japan increased by 13. 4% to 48,139 according to the Nikkei fiscal 2011 convenience store survey.This working out and competitive trend will continue in 2012 as the top 5 convenience stores plan on opening over ,700 new stores. Food sales grew again in 2011 by an additional $8 billion and three of the top 4 convenience store chains broke their records for operating profit. Profits were boosted by female and elderly customers purchase fresh food, desserts, and ready to eat meals in the aftermath of the quake. Seven & football team became the first Japanese retailer to achieve more than trillion ($37. 1 billion) in annual sales.With the earnings in 2011, convenience stores are stripe to once again expand outlets and network capabilities in 2012. H. Department Stores Japan Since the 1980s Japanese department stores have faced steeper competition from he growth of supermarkets, malls, and convenience stores. Department stores generally have a variety of shops and services, with the basement level having a grocery or eatery shops. ln 2011 department store food sales amounted to $23. 9 billion, representing 12. 3% of the Retail Food market in Japan.Over the last decade total department store sales of non-food products have declined. However, food sales at department stores have grown because of premium products, location, and the use of the depachika. Depachika means the basement floor of the department store where fresh food halls are traditionally located. Traditionally, depachika was a tranquilize retail food location. This changed when shops introduced high-quality HMR, creating a new niche food market in Japan. In addition, famous restaurants became tenants and lent their brand names to circularise depachika.The depachika phenomenon customers to department stores. Department stores are often attached to large strand stations (such as the newly opened Shibuya Hikarie owned and operated by Tokyu Corp). Because of the propinquity to the stations, pedestrians can easily access depachika eateries Tokyu Corps Hikarie location is estimated to attract 14 million isitors a year, with 200 shops, and many of the eateries staying open until 4am on weekends. Pricing, Quality and bounty Department stores usually carry imported branded products, but they are typically in low quantities.Many of the items are packaged as take-and-go products due(p) to the proximity to stations and the premium nature of the products for use as gifts. l. Consumer Preferences Japan Japanese consumers have some general historic preferences that one should consider. Japan is a nation that prefers convenience, quality, and single-serving sizes. Returning to the latter item, an estimated 3. 3 million people commute into Tokyo every day according to Tokyo metropolitan government. The commute is mo stly done via train and then on foot. accordingly convenience and accessibility are highly valued by Japanese consumers. J.Recent Retail Trends in Japan There are recent trends of burgeoning growth for Private Brands, Healthy Foods, Eco- friendly or Energy saving foods (typically as frozen foods), market consolidation for greater efficiency, and new retail ideas to fill up new demands. Energy efficient foods (frozen foods bento dashi), prepared foods (Home Meal Replacements HMR), and esserts have all seen a strong market growth. Healthy or Functional foods continue to be important. WHOLESALE MIDDLEMEN IN JAPAN Wholesalers are middlemen who purchase only to resell, and whose customers are often not final demanders but instead retailers or other in large quantitiesrs.Any sensible analysis of wholesaling needs to begin by recognizing that middlemen of all sorts lower the cost of trading rather than adding to them otherwise they could not sharpen prices that their customers willin gly pay and that cover their own costs. The costs of middlemen are legal proceeding costs by definition they are costs of activities hat are either essential to trade or that facilitate trade. These include the costs of assuring ownership rights, detecting the quality of traded goods, discovering valuable trading opportunities, negotiating mutually agreeable terms, and so on.Those who can perform these services at costs that are lower than the middlemans spread (difference between extend price and asking price) to the lowest level that Just covers their own costs. In all these respects, wholesaling in Japan surely resembles wholesaling in other nations but there is one thing about wholesaling in Japan that stands out. The peculiar thing about wholesaling in Japan is the often large number of separate wholesalers through whose hands goods pass before reaching their final destinations on the shelves of retail stores.One indication of this fact is the large percentage of merchandi ser wholesalers sales that are to other wholesalers 41. 9% for Japan versus 24. 8% for the US and 16. 2% for West Germany. A more precise indication of the meter of wholesale steps in Japan can be constructed from selective information on the gross markup of retailers prices over manufacturers prices and from the amount price spreads of all wholesalers. Dividing the total price markup in a wholesale chain by the norm price spread of all wholesalers gives an estimate of the number of wholesalers in the chain.The medium total price markup in wholesale chains is in fact less in Japan than in the US, but the average price markup of each wholesaler is also less in Japan than in the US, so we infer that on the average Japanese marketing convey have a greater number of wholesale steps. The typical or average marketing carry in Japan includes two wholesalers in sequence while that in the US includes only one. The common held imbibe that wholesale marketing hannels are longer or hav e more steps in Japan than in the US is thus supported.Japans numerosity of wholesale steps reflects its proliferation of retail outlets. Retail business like food, liquor, and toiletries that have vastly more outlets person in Japan than in the US also tend to have more wholesale steps in Japan. One further fact about wholesale marketing channels in Japan is worth iterating. Marketing channels that have specially many wholesale steps in the US. For instance, fresh fish, meat, and vegetables all have more wholesale steps than most other kinds of business in both nations. Shoes and apparel have relatively few wholesale steps in both countries.Common forces appear to be operative in the economies of both Japan and America. Marketing channels in Japan and elsewhere reflect the calculated attempts of profit-seeking entrepreneurs to economize on transport costs, to avert spoilage, and to lay away and act on information about the local demands for goods. The same is professedly of othe r aspects of Japanese marketing channels, including that which we next address, the contractual arragements among channel members. MEDIA tally to the latest survey on the time-usage of the Japanese (Kokumin Seikatsu-Jikan Chosa) done in October 1995 by NHK Oapan Governmental Broadcasting Corporation), the average Japanese watches television for three hours and twenty- viii minutes a day. This nation-wide survey has been conducted every five years, and the time spent watching TV in 1995 was longer than that of 1990 by more than TV broadcasting began in Japan in 1953. The same survey reports that the average Japanese reads a newspaper for twenty one minutes a day, which is so short compared to the time spent watching TV. In addition the time spent reading newspapers has not changed so much for the departed twenty five years (19 min. 1970, 20 in. 975, 21 min. 1980, 20 min. 1985, 20 min. 1990). Another survey reports that already in 1962 more than a half of the Japanese got news info rmation mainly not from newspaper but from television, and this trend is by far more evident than ever at present. Thus the role of the TV in the Japanese everyday life is so big, but as we will see later we cannot ever so say that the social position of it is high in the social information environment of Japan. And this is also the case of other developed countries like the I-JK, about seventy percent of whose people got news information not from newspapers but from television in 1993.

The Problem That Has No Name

Friedan points bug out that the average age of marriage was falling and the birthrate was increasing for women throughout the 1950s, yet the widesp picture unhappiness of women persisted, although American culture insisted that fulfillment for women could be found in marriage and cleaning char of the housery this chapter concludes by declaring We can no longer ignore that voice inwardly women that says I want something much than my married man and my children and my home. All women had to do was devote their lives from earliest girlhood to governing a husband and bearing children, (Friedan 16).This philosophy may seem out dated today. With the great libber movements from the women of the Victorian geological era and the 1970s the idea that women can only be housewives is a thing of the past, however not of the distant past. InLamb to the Slaughter the main typeface is the perfect housewife who faces the puzzle of losing her husband a real catastrophe for any woman a t any quaternaryth dimension, but even more so for the totally dependent, pregnant housewife. Lamb to the Slaughter, by Roald Dahl, is one of those stories that forces readers to chief what is well-be considerd and what is evil, what is scarce and what is unfair.The Feminine Mystiqueimplicatedwomens magazines, other media, corporations, schools and various institutions in U. S. community that were all guilty of relentlessly pressuring girls to marry young and chink into the false feminine image. Unfortunately, in real life it was common to find that women were miserable because their choices were limited and they were expected to make a passage out of organism housewives and makes, excluding all other pursuits.Betty Friedan noted the unhappiness of many housewives who were trying to fit this feminine mystique image, and she called the widespread unhappiness the worry that has no relieve oneself. check to Betty Friedan, the so-called feminine image benefited advertiser s and big corporations far more than it helped families and children, let wholly the women playing the social occasion. Women, just like any other humans, naturally precious to make the most of their potential. How Do You Solve a Problem That Has No Name? InThe Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan analyzed the line that has no name and offered some solutions.She emphasized throughout the book that the creation of a mythological happy housewife image had brought major dollars to advertisers and corporations that sold magazines and household products, at a great cost to women. She called for nightspot to revive the 1920s and mid-thirties independent career woman image, an image that had been destroyed bypost-World state of war IIbehavior, womens magazines and universities that encouraged girls to find a husband above all other goals. Betty Friedans vision of a truly happy, productive society would allow men and women to become educated, work and use their talents.When women ignor ed their potential, the end was not just an inefficient society but also widespread unhappiness, includingdepressionandsuicide. These, among other symptoms, were serious effects caused by the problem that had no name. In an excerpt from her book, The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan defines womens unhappiness during the Fifties as the problem that has no name. She identifies the problem that has no name as upper-middle classed suburban women experiencing dissatisfaction with their lives and an inarticulated passion for something else beside their housewifely duties.She pins the blame on a media perpetuated idealized image of femininity, a social construction that tells women that their fictional character in life is catch a man, bind a man, have children and put the needs of ones husband and children first. According to Friedan, women have been encouraged to confine themselves to a very narrow rendering of true womanhood, forsaking education and career aspirations in the proce ss by experts who wrote books, columns and books that told women during that era that their greatest role on the planet was to be wives and mothers.The role of a real woman was to have no interest in politics, higher education and careers and women were taught by these experts to pity women who had the nerve to want a life beyond the cult of true womanhood. If women expressed dissatisfaction with their charmed lives, the experts infernal their sprightlinessings on the higher education they received before becoming a housewife. During the fifties, slender girls as young as ten years were universe marketed by underwear advertisers selling brassieres with false bottoms to aide them in staining boyfriends and American girls began getting married in high school.Americas birthrate during this time skyrocketed and college educated women made careers out of having children. The image of the beautiful, bountiful Suburban housewife was accepted as the norm and women drove themselves cra zy, sometimes literally to light upon this goal. Friedan ultimately concluded that the problem that has no name is not a loss of femininity, too much education, or the demands of domesticity but a aspiration of rebellion of millions of women who were fed up with pretending that they were happy with their lives and that solving this problem would be the key to the future of American culture 1.According to Betty Friedan, how were women pressured into accepting the role of housewife in the post-World War II years? 2. What is the problem that has no name? What caused the problem? 3. What solutions does Friedan suggest? The Feminine Mystiqueis credited as having started the mo wave of feminism in America. With this in the forefront of my mind this week, I tumbled through the first chapter ofThe Feminine Mystique. Uncertain as to what I would find when I started out, I was a bit astonished to find the ideas of this feminist hero a bit hyperbolic and too general to mop up the conclusio ns that she does.I want to get your bring on it,though. So whether youve read it or not, read below and let me know what you ideate. First of all, Betty Friedan defines the problem that has no name as a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction which results in each suburban American housewife asking herself the silent distrust Is this all? as she does the daily chores, makes meals, drives the kids to and fro and whence goes to sleep beside her husband at night. Friedan also says the problem is seen ina mother of four who dropped out f college when she was nineteen and later told Friedan Ive tried boththing women are vatic to do hobbies, gardening, pickling, canning, being very social with my neighbor, joining committees, running PTA teas. I can do it all, and I like it, but it doesnt founder you anything to think about any feelings of who you are. I never had any career ambitions. All I wanted was to get married and have four children. I love the kids and Bob and my hom e. Theres no problem you can even put a name to. But Im desperate. I begin to feel that I have no personality.Im a server of food and a putter-on of pants and a bedmaker, somebody who can be called on when you want something. But who am I? The question this young mother asks is one ubiquitous in the minds of all women. One, I know which I have asked myself. Its a question that needs an answer, whether youve gone to college or not, had a career or not, or gotten married or not. This young mother is aware of her actions and seems to have struggled with the vox populi that if she is the sum of her total daily actions, she is a nobody and therefore, offers no substance or value to the world . . . seems indeed nightmarish.This is exactly what Friedan wants young women to think thatwe are what we do. That we are the sum of our total daily actions. If we go so far as to say yes, everyone is thus marginalized into the mundane deeds of their lives. Really, if a mother is just a putter-on of pants, a server of food, and a bedmaker, then any CEO or manager is just a signer of documents and a filler of a chair in meetings. Such a generalization sounds absurd and laughable about a CEO likewise, to me, it seems that it is absurdity to think that a wife and mother is only a putter-on of pants, a server of food, and a bedmaker.We all know that a CEO does more than signs documents and sits in a chair in meetings. He or she leads a company or organization. He or she establishes a culture for a team to function in. He or she manages the team which has been entrusted to them by a board or founder. It is indeed a sobering position that of a CEO. Likewise, a mother does more than puts pants on their children, serves food, and makes the beds. In equality to the career world, the work of a wife and mother is focused on people not percentages.Since Im not a mother, I cannot speak from personal experience to all that a mother does. If you read this and you are a mother, what d o you do terrestrial? Do you feel that you are what you do? Or do you see it as the province of a greater responsibility? And if its not to much to ask, why do you do what you do? If you read this and you are not a mother, what does the position of mother seem to you? What does it mean to be a mother? Do you think they are only the maker of sandwiches and beds? In the meantime, keep living the dream. As listed below **, we can see that the definition of housewifewhat Ms.Friedan was really wrestling with when she penned her thoughtsemphasizes that a woman who manages the household that she and her husband and children take refuge in, is given much authority. This woman is in charge, she is a manager, she takes care of domestic affairs. ( Every government in the Western world has an office of Domestic Affairs ) A woman who is married and sees to the affairs of her household or domicile is in a position of tremendous authority and influence, she directly impacts all of the individual shusband, children, neighbors, etc. ho move within her sphere of sovereignty. According to Rita W. Kramer, author of Peanut butter On My Pillow, we let housewifery become a mediocre,monotonous task when we let out or refuse to see the nobility of it. Since 1979 Ive been married to the same, outstanding husband, and since 1981 Ive birthed 9 children and with my husband have raised them up to be responsible students, then productive professionals, then husbands, wives and parents as well as committed community members.If theres a problem without a name it would be how to find the correct noun to accurately envelope on the whole that being a housewife really entails cook, laundress, cleaning supervisor, the encourager, exhorter, cheerleader, behavior modifier, and even above all that. the keeper of the homethe one who tries, although imperfectly, to protect and detain a safe haven for all of those who take refuge within our walls. **Definitions of Housewife a wife who manages a ho usehold while her husband earns the family income wordnetweb. princeton. du/perl/webwn A woman who manages a home and takes care of domestic affairs. http//www. nps. gov/ memorial/hofu/TEACHERS/vocab. html a married woman in charge of a household merriam-webster. com/dictionary Heres to each and every woman who finds the rare jewel of contentment in her full time telephone line as wife and mother, If you ask a young girl what she wants to be when she grows up, she may tell you she wants to be a doctor, lawyer, or even a teacher. That is what any child would perceive their future to become, just like their parents.But what that little girl is unaware of, is that if she had lived a little over 150 years ago, her future dreams would be quite different. Women living a life of phantasmal freedom, having a voice in government, and attending schools is normal in our everyday lives as we reach the new millennium . However, women did not always have an equal say or chance in life. In our A merican History, women have demonstrated and worked for reform of womens rights. Through seven generations, it took many meetings, crave drives, lobbying, public speaking, and nonviolent resistance to make our world the way it is now.The Womens Rights reason begins its task on July 13th, 1848, where a lady named Elizabeth Cady Stanton decided enough was enough, and she started the shift for her rights as well asall womens rights. Within the next week of her decision she held a convention in Seneca Falls called, A convention to discuss the social, polite, and unearthly condition and rights of woman. Stanton created a list to present called Declaration of Sentiments which express areas in life where women were treated unjustly. *1) After the second day of the convention, every resolution on her declaration was passed except the one that called for women the right to vote. As time passed, however, many conventions were held all the way up to the Civil War. Women just like Stanto n, such as Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Sojourner Truth traveled throughout the field lecturing and organizing for the next forty years. A 72 year interlocking includes many speakers, political strategists, organizers, lobbyist, and so forth, until what is needed is done. Thousands of people participating in the movement to now win that most basic American civil right

The Wealth of Nations

The wealthiness of Nations was published 9 March 1776, during the Scottish Enlightenment and the Scottish Agricultural Revolution. It influenced a physique of authors and economists, as well as g entirely in each overnments and organizations. Synopsis I Of the Ca procedures of Improvement in the robust Powers of do work Of the Division of motor Division of project has caused a great(p) cast up in production than whatsoever opposite factor. This variegation is greatest for tribes with much(prenominal) industry and improvement, and is responsible for universal opulence in those countries.Agriculture is less amenable than industry to class of labour hence, cryptical kingdoms be not so far ahead of poor nations in agriculture as in industry. Of the Principle which gives Occasion to the Division of dig Division of labour a hikes not from innate wisdom, besides from humans propensity to barter. The unornamented difference in natural ta adds in the midst of slew i s a impression of specialization, rather than any innate cause. That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the foodstuff Limited opportunity for exchange discourages division of labour.Because water-carriage extends the market, division of labour, with its improvements, comes earliest to cities near waterways. Civilization began around the highly navigable Mediterranean Sea Of the Origin and Use of Money With division of labour, the erectr of ones accept labour mass fill only a down in the mouth grapheme of ones needs. Different commodities have shell outd as a common medium of exchange, unless all nations have finally settled on metals, which argon fixed and divisible, for this purpose. Before coinage, people had to weigh and assay with each exchange, or assay the grossest frauds and impositions. Thus nations began stamping metal, on one side only, to ascertain purity, or on all sides, to stipulate purity and amount. The sum of real metal in coins has dimin ished, due to the avarice and injustice of princes and sovereign states, enabling them to pay their debts in appearance only, and to the defraudment of creditors. Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money Smith gives cardinal conflicting definitions of the congenator jimmy of a commodity.Adam Smith, What everything really costs to the man, who wants to acquire it, is the production and trouble of acquiring it. What everything is really worth to the man who has acquired it, and who wants to fling of it, or exchange it for any(prenominal)thing else, is the toil and trouble which it can save to himself, and which it can overthrow upon other(a) people. That this is really the foundation of the exchangeable value of all things, excepting those which cannot be increased by human industry, is a doctrine of the ut roughly impressiveness in political economy. The value of any commodity is equal to the measuring stick of labo ur which it enables him to purchase or command. Labour, in that locationfore, is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities. Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities Smith argues that the hurt of any product reflects contend, rent of domain of a function and profit of memory board, which compensates the capitalist for risking his resources. Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities When the quantity of any commodity which is brought to market give-up the ghosts curt of the effectual demand, all those who atomic number 18 willing to pay annot be supplied with the quantity which they want Some of them will be willing to give more. A competition will begin among them, and the market terms will rise When the quantity brought to market exceeds the effectual demand, it cannot be all sold to those who argon willing to pay the full-page value of the rent, compensation and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither The market cost will sink When demand exceeds supply, the price goes up. When the supply exceeds demand, the price goes down.Of the pay of Labour Smith describes how the return of labour are dictated in the beginning by the competition among laborers and masters. When laborers bid a deliver the goodsst one another(prenominal) for limited opportunities for employment, the wages of labour collectively fall, whereas when employers compete against one another for limited supplies of labour, the wages of labour collectively rise. However, this process of competition is often circumvented by combinations among laborers and among masters.When laborers fuse and no longer bid against one another, their wages rise, whereas when masters combine, wages fall. Of the Profits of Stock Smith uses interest group place as an indicator of the pay of stock. This is because interest can only be paid with the earnings of stock, and so creditors will be able to raise order in proportion to the increase or decr ease of the net income of their debtors. Smith argues that the profits of stock are inversely proportional to the wages of labour, because as more cash is spent compensating labour, there is less remaining for personal profit.It follows that, in societies where competition among laborers is greatest relative to competition among employers, profits will be much higher(prenominal). Smith illustrates this by comparing interest rates in England and Scotland. In England, government laws against usury had kept maximum interest rates very low, but level remove the maximum rate was believed to be higher than the rate at which bills was usually loaned. In Scotland, however, interest rates are much higher. This is the result of a great proportion of capitalists in England, which offsets some competition among laborers and raises wages.Of Wages and Profit in the Different Employments of Labour and Stock Smith repeatedly attacks groups of politically aligned individuals who attempt to use their collective influence to manipulate the government into doing their bidding. At the time, these were referred to as factions, but are now more commonly called special interests, a depot that can comprise international bankers, corporate conglomerations, outright oligopolies, trade unions and other groups.Indeed, Smith had a jumpicular distrust of the tradesman class. He tangle that the members of this class, especially acting in concert within the guilds they want to form, could constitute a power block and manipulate the state into regulating for special interests against the general interest People of the equal trade seldom meet together, so fartide for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices.It is im likely indeed to close out such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But though the law cannot abash people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do goose egg to facilitate such assemblies much less to render them necessary. Smith similarly argues against government subsidies of certain trades, because this will draw many more people to the trade than what would otherwise be normal, collectively lowering their wages.Motivates an understanding of the report of feudalism. Of the Rent of the Land Rent, considered as the price paid for the use of land, is of short letter the highest the tenant can afford in the actual slew of the land. In adjusting lease terms, the landlord endeavors to leave him no greater grapple of the produce than what is fitted to keep up the stock from which he furnishes the seed, pays the labour, and purchases and maintains the cattle and other instruments of husbandry, together with the ordinary profits of farming stock in the neighborhood.This is plain the piddlingest share with which the tenant can content himself without world a loser, and the landlord seldom subject matter to leave him anymore. Whatever part of the produce, or, what is the same thing, whatever part of its price, is over and above this share, he naturally endeavors to reserve to himself as the rent of his land, which is evidently the highest the tenant can afford to pay in the actual circumstances of the land.II Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock Of the Division of Stock When the stock which a man possesses is no more than equal to maintain him for a some days or a few weeks, he seldom thinks of etymologizing any revenue from it. He consumes it as sparingly as he can, and endeavors by his labour to acquire something which whitethorn supply its place originally it be consumed altogether. His revenue is, in this case, derived from his labour only.This is the state of the greater part of the laboring poor in all countries. But when he possesses stock sufficient to maintain him for months or years, he naturally endeavors to d erive revenue from the greater part of it reserving only so much for his immediate habit as may maintain him till this revenue begins to come in. His whole stock, therefore, is distinguished into devil parts. That part which, he expects, is to afford him this revenue, is called his capital. Of Money Considered as a particular Branch of the normal Stock of the SocietyThat the price of the greater part of commodities resolves itself into three parts, of which one pays the wages of the labour, another the profits of the stock, and a third the rent of the land which had been employed in producing and deliverance them to market that there are, indeed, some commodities of which the price is made up of two of those parts only, the wages of labour, and the profits of stock and a very few in which it consists altogether in one, the wages of labour but that the price of every commodity of necessity resolves itself into some one, or other, or all of these three parts every part of it whic h goes incomplete to rent nor to wages, being necessarily profit to somebody. Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and Unproductive Labour One sort of labour ads to the value of the subject upon which it is bestowed there is another which has no such effect. The former, as it produces a value, may be called productive the latter, unproductive labour.Thus the labour of a manufacturer adds, generally, to the value of the materials which he works upon, that of his own maintenance and of his masters profit. The labour of a menial servant, on the contrary, adds to the value of nothing. Of Stock Lent at Interest The stock which is lent at interest is always considered as a capital by the lender. He expects that in due time it is to be restored to him, and that in the in the meantime the borrower is to pay him a certain annual rent for the use of it. The borrower may use it either as a capital, or as a stock reserved for immediate consumption. If he uses it as a capital, he employs it in the maintenance of productive labourers, who reproduce the value with a profit.He can, in this case, two restore the capital and pay the interest without estrange or encroaching upon any other source of revenue. If he uses it as a stock reserved for immediate consumption, he acts the part of a prodigal, and dissipates in the maintenance of the idle what was destined for the support of the industrious. He can, in this case, neither restore the capital nor pay the interest without either estrange or encroaching upon some other source of revenue, such as the property or the rent of land. The stock which is lent at interest is, no doubt, occasionally employed in both these ways, but in the former much more frequently than in the latter. III Of the divers(prenominal) Progress of sumptuousness in different Nations Of the Natural Progress of OpulenceThe great commerce of every civilized society is that carried on betwixt the inhabitants of the town and those of the coun try. It consists in the exchange of crude for manufactured produce, either immediately, or by the intervention of money, or of some sort of paper which represents money. The country supplies the town with the means of subsistence and the materials of manufacture. The town repays this supply by sending second a part of the manufactured produce to the inhabitants of the country. The town, in which there neither is nor can be any nurture of substances, may very roperly be said to gain its whole wealth and subsistence from the country. We must not, however, upon this account, imagine that the gain of the town is the loss of the country. The gains of both are mutual and reciprocal, and the division of labour is in this, as in all other cases, advantageous to all the different persons employed in the various occupations into which it is subdivided. Of the despondency of Agriculture Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the Ancient State of europium after the fall of the Roman cong lomerate. When the German and Scythian nations overran the western provinces of the Roman Empire, the confusions which followed so great a revolution geted for several centuries.The rapine and violence which the barbarians exercised against the antediluvian patriarch inhabitants interrupted the commerce between the towns and the country. The towns were deserted, and the country was left uncultivated, and the western provinces of Europe, which had enjoyed a considerable degree of opulence under the Roman Empire, sunk into the utmost state of poverty and barbarism. During the continuance of those confusions, the chiefs and principal leaders of those nations acquired or usurped to themselves the greater part of the lands of those countries. A great part of them was uncultivated but no part of them, whether cultivated or uncultivated, was left without a proprietor. All of them were engrossed, and the greater part by a few great proprietors.This original focus of uncultivated lands, though a great, might have been but a transitory evil. They might soon have been divided again, and broke into small parcels either by succession or by alienation. The law of primogeniture hindered them from being divided by succession the introduction of entails prevented their being broke into small parcels by alienation. Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the fall of the Roman Empire The inhabitants of cities and towns were, after the fall of the Roman empire, not more favored than those of the country. They consisted, indeed, of a very different order of people from the first inhabitants of the ancient republics of Greece and Italy.These last were composed chiefly of the proprietors of lands, among whom the public territory was originally divided, and who found it comfortable to build their houses in the neighborhood of one another, and to surround them with a wall, for the stake of common defense. After the fall of the Roman Empire, on the contrary, the pro prietors of land take care generally to have lived in fortified castles on their own estates, and in the midst of their own tenants and dependants. The towns were chiefly inhabited by tradesmen and mechanics, which seem in those days to have been of servile, or very nearly of servile condition. The privileges which we remember granted by ancient charters to the inhabitants of some of the principal towns in Europe sufficiently show what they were before those grants.The people to whom it is granted as a privilege that they might give away their own daughters in man and wife without the consent of their lord, that upon their death their own children, and not their lord, should succeed to their goods, and that they might dispose of their own effects by will, must, before those grants, have been either altogether or very nearly in the same state of villanage with the occupiers of land in the country. How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country Smith o ften raspingly criticized those who act purely out of self-interest and greed, and state of warns that, for us, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of mankind. IV Of outlines of political EconomyOf the Principle of the Commercial or Mercantile System Specifically, The wealth of Nations attacks, inter alia, two major tenets of mercantilism 1. The mind that fortressist tariffs serve the economic interests of a nation (or indeed any purpose whatsoever) and 2. The idea that large reserve of gold bullion or other infrequent metals are necessary for a countrys economic success. Of the extraordinary Restraints Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the importee of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be Disadvantageous. Of Drawbacks Merchants and manufacturers are not contented with the monopoly of the home market, but desire likewise the most extensive conflicting sale for their goods.Of Treaties of Commerce When a nation binds itself by treaty either to permit the entry of certain goods from one foreign country which it prohibits from all others, or to exempt the goods of one country from duties to which it subjects those of all others, the country, or at least the merchants and manufacturers of the country, whose commerce is so favored, must necessarily derive great advantage from the treaty. Those merchants and manufacturers enjoy a sort of monopoly in the country which is so indulgent to them. That country becomes a market both more extensive and more advantageous for their goods more extensive, because the goods of other nations being either excluded or subjected to heavier duties, it takes off a greater quantity of theirs more advantageous, because the merchants of the favored country, enjoying a sort of monopoly there, will often sell their goods for a better price than if exposed to the free competition of all other nations. Of Colon ies Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies The interest which occasioned the first settlement of the different European colonies in America and the West Indies was not altogether as plain and explicit as that which directed the establishment of those of ancient Greece and Rome. Causes of Prosperity of new Colonies The colonists enthral out with them knowledge of agriculture and of other useful arts superscript to what can grow up of its own accord in the course of many centuries among savage and barbarous nations.They carry out with them, too, the habit of subordination, some notion of the regular government which takes place in their own country, of the musical arrangement of laws which supports it, and of a regular administration of justice and they naturally establish something of the same kind in the new settlement. Of the Agricultural Systems Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of semipolitical Economy, which Represent the Produce of Land, as either the Sole or the Principal, origination of the Revenue and Wealth of Every Country. V Of the Revenue of the autonomous or Commonwealth Smith postulated four maxims of taxation proportionality, transparency, convenience, and efficiency. Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth On taxation Smith wrote, The subjects of every state ought to pass towards the support of the government, as nearly as affirmable, in proportion to their individual abilities that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.The outgo of government to the individuals of a great nation is like the expense of management to the joint tenants of a great estate, who are all cause to tin in proportion to their respective interests in the estate. In the musing or neglect of this maxim consists what is called the equality or inequality of taxation. Of the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society In his discussion of taxes The necessaries of spiritedness occasion the great expense of the poor. They find it difficult to get food, and the greater part of their little revenue is spent in getting it. The luxuries and vanities of vivification occasion the principal expense of the rich, and a magnificent house embellishes and sets off to the best advantage all the other luxuries and vanities which they possess.A tax upon house-rents, therefore, would in general fall heaviest upon the rich and in this sort of inequality there would not, perhaps, be anything very unreasonable. It is not very unreasonable that the rich should contribute to the public expense, not only in proportion to their revenue, but something more than in that proportion. Of War and Public Debts when war comes politicians are both unvoluntary and unable to increase their tax revenue in proportion to the increase of their expense. They are unwilling for fear of offending the people, who, by so great and so sudden an increase of taxes, would soon be dis gusted with the war The facility of borrowing delivers them from the embarrassment By means of borrowing they are enabled, with a very moderate increase of taxes, to raise, from year to year, money sufficient for carrying on the war, and by the practice of perpetually funding they are enabled, with the smallest possible increase of taxes to pay the interest on the debt, to raise annually the largest possible sum of money to fund the war The return of peace, indeed, seldom relieves them from the greater part of the taxes imposed during the war. These are mortgaged for the interest of the debt contracted in order to carry it on. Smith then goes on to say that even if money was set aside from future revenues to pay for the debts of war, it seldom in truth gets used to pay down the debt. Politicians are inclined to spend the money on some other scheme that will win the favor of their constituents. Hence, interest payments rise and war debts continue to grow larger, well beyond the en d of the war. Impact United StatesJames Madison, in a public lecture given in Congress on 2 February 1791, cited The Wealth of Nations in opposing a national bank The principal disadvantages consisted in, 1st. banishing the precious metals, by substituting another medium to perform their office This effect was inevitable. It was admitted by the most enlightened patrons of banks, particularly by Smith on the Wealth of Nations. Thomas Jefferson, writing to John Novell on 14 June 1807, claimed that on the subjects of money & commerce, Smiths Wealth of Nations is the best book to be read, unless Says Political Economy can be had, which treats the same subject on the same principles, but in a shorter compass & more lucid manner.Two views of the Wealth of Nations The Wealth of Nations is therefore inhomogeneous and consists of the earlier elements of an individualistic strain in the tradition of Aristotle, Puffendorf and Hutcheson, Smiths teacher, elements compatible with a neoclassic surmisal and the classical theory Smith learned in France. Smiths classical message is what he states at the very beginning the two ways to create the Wealth of Nations. First, make productive labour even more productive by enhancing markets to deepen the division of labour (moving the neoclassical production curve to the right) and second, use more labour productively or else of unproductively, i. e. produce more goods and services that are inputs to the next economic reproduction circle, as opposed to goods used up in final consumption. In the words of Adam Smith The annual labour of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences of life which it annually consumes This produce bears a greater or smaller proportion to the number of those who are to consume it But this proportion must in every nation be regulated by two different circumstances First, by the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which its labour is generally applie d and, Secondly, by the proportion between the numbers of those who are employed in useful labour, and that of those who are not so employed.